Assessing Perceived Policy Interventions for Inclusive Development: Insights from Tribal Pastoralists in Jammu & Kashmir

Abstract

Tribal pastoralists in Jammu & Kashmir—including the Gujjars and Bakarwals—face long-standing socio-economic marginalization despite the presence of multiple government welfare schemes. This study explores how pastoralist communities perceive policy interventions aimed at their development and inclusion. Using a qualitative exploratory approach incorporating interviews, case studies, and field observations along migratory routes, the research identifies persistent access barriers shaped by mobility, documentation constraints, low institutional outreach, and shifting ecological pressures. Pastoralists commonly perceive welfare systems as inaccessible, unfair, or misaligned with their nomadic realities. The study underscores the need for mobility-sensitive policies, improved grassroots service delivery, and greater pastoralist participation in decision-making. Strengthening such mechanisms is essential for achieving inclusive development and aligns with the global momentum created by the UN’s International Year of Rangelands and Pastoralists (2026).