Influence of Spiritual Intelligence on Forgiveness Among Senior Citizens: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

In later life, many individuals reflect on past mistakes and regrets, making forgiveness essential for inner peace and well-being. Spiritual intelligence, the ability to find meaning and rise above difficulties, may support this forgiving attitude in old age. This study examined 102 senior citizens aged 60–81 years in Chidambaram Taluk, Tamil Nadu, using a cross-sectional design. Participants completed the Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report Inventory (SISRI-24) and the Bolton Forgiveness Scale (BFS). Results showed that middle-old and rural residents reported higher spiritual intelligence, while forgiveness was greater among women and rural participants. Analyses confirmed a strong positive relationship between spiritual intelligence and forgiveness. The findings suggest that strengthening spiritual intelligence can promote forgiveness, resilience, and psychological well-being in aging.