The Impact of Childhood Trauma on Adult Criminal Behaviour: A Neuroscientific and Criminological Perspective

Abstract

Childhood trauma, including forms of abuse, plays significant role in shaping brain development and behaviour. Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), when coupled with dysfunctional family environments, increases juveniles risk engaging in criminal activities. Neuroscientific research indicates early trauma impairs cognitive functions, emotional regulation, and impulse control—key factors in development of antisocial behaviour. This paper explores how childhood trauma linked to later offences such as drug abuse, sexual violence, and even paedophilia. It discusses criminological theories to understand connection between early trauma and criminality. Classical theories like Cesare Lombroso’s biological determinism postulated criminality are innate and observable physical traits. In contrast, sociological and psychological theories emphasize environmental factors, suggesting trauma, poverty, family instability, and negative peer influence shape deviant behaviour. The paper reflects role of parents and teachers in shaping child’s values and development. Ancient Indian Philosophy highlights the importance of Avibhakta Kutumba (joint family system) and Brahmacharya Ashrama (age-based stages) in teaching Sanskaras—moral and cultural values—through close guidance from elders. As per UNCRC, the family is foundational to child’s well-being. Traditional philosophies like Vedanta, Karma, and Dharma view trauma as disruption of inner peace, with practices like yoga and meditation aiding emotional healing and mental peace. Today, smaller families, poor communication, and technology overuse hinder proper guidance, affecting children’s mental health and increasing vulnerability to criminal behaviour. This paper argues for considering childhood trauma as mitigating factor in sentencing and calls for preventive, rehabilitative, and restorative justice approaches contributing to a more humane and effective criminal justice system.